Fluid Mechanics: Home work ( Introduction to Fluid Mechanics)

Home Works 1: Introduction to Fluid Mechanic.

Home Works 2: Statics Fluid

Home Works 3: Fluid Dynamic

Home Works 4: Nozzle

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Home Works 2

Home works 3

Home Works 4

Fluids Mechanic: Modul

Module and Notes for Polytechnic students.

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Module

Fluid Mechanic: Water Hammer

Water hammer (or, more generally, fluid hammer) is a pressure surge or wave resulting when a
fluid in motion is forced to stop or change direction suddenly (momentum change). Water
hammer commonly occurs when a valve is closed suddenly at an end of a pipeline system, and a
pressure wave propagates in the pipe. Valve closure can result in pressures well over the steady
state values, while valve opening can cause seriously low pressures, possibly so low that the
flowing liquid vaporizes inside the pipe.

The excessive pressure may fracture the pipe walls or cause other damages to the pipeline
system. The possible occurrence of water hammer, its magnitude and the propagation of the
pressure wave must be carefully investigated in connection with the pipeline design.
(J.Houghtalen:2009)

The simple example where it is happen when you turn OFF a water flow suddenly (like a
dishwasher, a clothes washer, a toilet or even closing a hand faucet suddenly. Shutting off the
flow suddenly sends a pressure or shock wave down the water line through the water shocking
the pipes and creating the 'hammer' noise. These shock waves travel faster than the speed of
sound and can exert very great instantaneous pressures. Over time, water hammer can damage
pipes, valves and eventually weaken pipe joints. (R. Hancock: 2002)

The Hazard causes by water hammer are various. Firstly danger of high pressure: the
excess pressure resulting from water hammer is added to the initial pressure. If the total pressure
is greater than a maximum permissible pressure there is a risk of the pipe rupture or joint failure.
Secondly is a danger of negative pressure: negative relative pressure may result from water
hammer, if these pressure are below -10m of water column, a pocket cavitation or water vapor is
created, with possible collapse of the conduit wall or sucking in the joint seals. The pipe lining
material may also be damaged. Finally risk of the pipe fatigue resulting from rapidly alternating
positive and negative pressures with singly may not lead to actual failure of the conduit.
(Y.Labye: 1988)

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Fluid Mechanics: Quasi-Steady flow

Quasi- steady flow is one type of transient flow. In the characterized by the absence of inertial or elastic effects on the flow behavior. In such a flow the variation of discharges and pressures with time is gradual and over short time intervals the flow appears to be steady. Typical examples are the drawdown of a reservoir or the variation in demand in water distribution system over a 24- hour period.

Please click here for the example to solution of the Quasi-steady flow.

Fluid Mechanics: Pipe system (steady flow)

This article contents are the example to solution for series pipe, Parallel pipe, branch pipe and network pipe. The network pipe solution is using Hardy Cross Method.

Click Pipe System Question to get the exercise and click Solve problem to get a great answer.

Good luck and be the best!

Fluid Mechanics: Parallel Pipe Solving Concept

Paralel pipe occurs more one pipe flow. This problem usually use an Energy equation.

A simple continuity equation still apply:

Qin = Qout

Losses through the parallel pipe is same value:

hL = ha = hb = hc

Click Parallel for the full notes.

Fluid Mechanic: Past Year Final Exam Collection

Past Year Final exam collection From PSZ (Sultanah Zanariah Library)

This Collection cover about:

1. Viscosity
2. Tube U
3. Floating
4. Application of Bernoulli Equation
5. Momentum Equation
6. Piping System

This Collection special for South East Asia only

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Fluid Mechanics: Wind Tunnel Lab report

Objective of the report are:
How to find the value of the drag force from the cylinder surface.
Approximate constant value for velocity, drag force and what is the flow through the surface.

This lab report is special for South East Asia only.
The report is in Malay Language.

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Fluid Mechanic: Boundary Layer Note & Tutorial

Boundary layer is that layer of fluid in the immediate vicinity of a bounding surface. In the Earth's atmosphere, the planetary boundary layer is the air layer near the ground affected by diurnal heat, moisture or momentum transfer to or from the surface. On an aircraft wing the boundary layer is the part of the flow close to the wing. The boundary layer effect occurs at the field region in which all changes occur in the flow pattern. The boundary layer distorts surrounding nonviscous flow. It is a phenomenon of viscous forces. This effect is related to the Reynolds number. Now the file can be download.
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